Turn Your Cellphone Into Microscope

Turn Your Cellphone Into a High-Powered Scientific Microscope

Amplify’d from www.wired.com

Turn Your Cellphone Into a High-Powered Scientific Microscope

By Dave Mosher

Using tape, rubber and a tiny glass ball, researchers transformed an iPhone into a cheap, yet powerful microscope able to image tiny blood cells. They’ve also added a clinical-grade cellphone spectroscope that might be able to measure some vital signs.

And with a few dollars and some patience, you can do the same to your own phone. (See instructions below.)

“It still amazes me how you can build near-research-grade instruments with cheap consumer electronics,” said physicist Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu of the University of California at Davis, leader of a study March 2 in PLoS ONE. “And with cellphones, you can record and transmit data anywhere. In rural or remote areas, you could get a diagnosis from a professional pathologist halfway around the world.”

Similar laboratory devices can cost thousands of dollars and be extremely bulky. Other researchers have created cellphone laboratory kits, but this new microscope is the most compact, simple and inexpensive design created so far. The team’s other new device — a light-splitting spectrometer — looks crude but may have high enough resolution to measure blood oxygen levels, for example.

Electrical engineer Aydogan Ozcan of the University of California at Los Angeles, who helped develop an award-winning $10 microscope for cellphones, said the simplicity of the new prototypes is a big advantage.

“They’re further miniaturizing this stuff. But we also need to focus on getting these innovative designs out in the field, tested, improved and saving the lives of people,” said Ozcan, who wasn’t involved in the new study. “In that sense, all of us working on this technology are in the same boat.”

Two existing cellphone-microscope designs inspired the new iteration, including Ozcan’s and another called CellScope, designed by bioengineer Daniel Fletcher at the University of California at Berkeley. Because both models protrude from the cellphone’s camera and have several delicate parts, Wachsmann-Hogiu set out to create a simpler and more compact design.

The team tucked a 1-mm-wide glass ball into a ring of rubber and slipped it over iPhone and iPhone 4 cameras. The images are magnified 350 times, but have a very thin plane of focus. To combat the resulting blur, the team created software able to stitch the sharp parts together into one crisp photo. They also made a prototype cellphone spectrometer (based on a patent they found) using narrow PVC tubing, electrical tape and a special grating able to split light into its component colors.

It costs about $20 to create the microscope and a few dollars to make the spectrometer, but Wachsmann-Hogiu said costs could easily drop below $10 for both. The tiny lenses could be made out of plastic instead of glass, and economies of scale could eventually kick in.

The team is working on improving the imagery of their microscope prototype and giving it the capability to detect microbes by fluorescence. They’re also building a phone-based app to stitch images together, count blood cells and determine blood oxygenation levels.

Ozcan said he looks forward to new consumer technology as an opportunity to make an even cheaper and more powerful laboratories-on-a-chip.

“There are dreamlike components in consumer electronics,” Ozcan said. “It’s orders of magnitude more amazing than the science community could have imagined just decades ago.”

DIY instructions to turn your own cellphone into a microscope are below.

Image: Standard microscope images (top row) compared to a iPhone microscope images (bottom row). Sickle-cell anemia blood is at left, and crystals are at right. (PLoS ONE/Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu et al./Center for Biophotonics at the University of California at Davis)

Citation: “Cell-Phone-Based Platform for Biomedical Device Development and Education Applications.” Zachary J. Smith, Kaiqin Chu, Alyssa R. Espenson, Mehdi Rahimzadeh, Amy Gryshuk, Marco Molinaro, Denis M. Dwyre, Stephen Lane, Dennis Matthews and Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu. PLoS ONE, Vol. 6, Issue 3. March 2, 2011. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017150

Cellphone Microscope - Step 1 Grab any cellphone with a camera, but note models that use touchscreen focusing and/or have manual focus options are best. Find some thin, dark, rubbery material and poke a small hole in it (less than 1 millimeter in diameter). This can be done using a pin or needle. Image: Zach Smith/Kaiqin Chu/Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu. Instructions adapted from text by Zach Smith and Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu.

Cellphone Microscope - Step 2 Order a 1-millimeter-diameter ball or half-ball lens. One from Edmund Optics costs between $15 and $25. Note that lenses with larger diameters can be used, but they will provide a smaller magnification. Image: Zach Smith/Kaiqin Chu/Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu. Instructions adapted from text by Zach Smith and Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu.

Cellphone Microscope - Step 3 Carefully mount it to the iris, covering as little of the lens as possible. Image: Zach Smith/Kaiqin Chu/Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu. Instructions adapted from text by Zach Smith and Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu.

Cellphone Microscope - Step 4 Center the iris with the ball lens tucked in the middle over the camera of the cellphone (above). From black electrical tape, cut out a hole larger than the diameter of the ball lens, but smaller than the diameter of the iris (below).

Image: Zach Smith/Kaiqin Chu/Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu. Instructions adapted from text by Zach Smith and Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu.

Cellphone Microscope - Step 5 Attach the iris to the camera body using the electrical tape mask. You may need to adjust the position of the iris to ensure the microscope images are centered in the camera's field of view. As with a standard microscope, use plenty of light to illuminate your sample. Liquid samples should be placed between a glass slide and coverslip. Image: Zach Smith/Kaiqin Chu/Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu. Instructions adapted from text by Zach Smith and Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu.

Cellphone Spectrometer - Step 1 As with the microscope, cellphone models that have manual focus options are best for image control. Obtain a linear diffraction grating of 1000 lines per millimeter (lp/mm or lpmm), such as one from Science Stuff that costs 69 cents. Cut the grating into a 4-millimeter-by-4-millimeter square, such that the grooves are oriented parallel to the longest dimension of the cellphone. If you're not sure about the direction of the grating's grooves, hold a laser pointer up to the sheet and look at the diffraction pattern. The pattern will be perpendicular to the grooves of the grating. Image: Zach Smith/Kaiqin Chu/Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu. Instructions adapted from text by Zach Smith and Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu.

Cellphone Spectrometer - Step 2 Create a slit in front of the grating less than 1 millimeter wide using two pieces of black electrical tape or black foil. The slit should be parallel to the orientation of the grating grooves. A snug-fitting cellphone case can be placed around the camera to protect the grating and slit (optional). Image: Zach Smith/Kaiqin Chu/Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu. Instructions adapted from text by Zach Smith and Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu.

Cellphone Spectrometer - Step 3 Cut a 3-inch-long piece of 1-inch-wide PVC piping. The end that attaches to the cellphone needs to be cut at a 40-degree angle (above), which will help line up waves of light coming into the spectrometer. The inside of the tube should be matte black to prevent reflections. Black foil or black fabric work well, and can be attached using double-sided tape along one side (above). Wrap the foil or fabric around a pencil and insert it into the tube so that the tape will affix to the inside of the pipe (below). Rotating the pencil inside of the tube will expand the foil.

Image: Zach Smith/Kaiqin Chu/Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu. Instructions adapted from text by Zach Smith and Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu.

Cellphone Spectrometer - Step 4 Using black tape, create a slit at the straight-cut end of the tube that it is less than 1-millimeter-wide and parallel to the slit on the phone (below).

Image: Zach Smith/Kaiqin Chu/Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu. Instructions adapted from text by Zach Smith and Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu.

Cellphone Spectrometer - Step 5 Center the tube over the camera lens, with the 40-degree-cut end facing the camera, and attached it to the phone body with tape (above). Attaching the tube to a dedicated cellphone cover will make it easier to remove the spectrometer for later use. If built correctly, the spectrometer will produce results like the top-half of the image below.

ilt correctly, the spectrometer will produce results like the top-half of the image below. Image: Zach Smith/Kaiqin Chu/Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu. Instructions adapted from text by Zach Smith and Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu.

See Also:

Tiny Spheres Turn Regular Microscopes Into Nanoscopes

Top 20 Microscope Photos of the Year

Microscope Enables Disease Diagnosis with a Cell Phone

Mini-Microscope Could Lead to Cell-Sorting Implants

Snowflakes Under an Electron Microscope

Dave is an infinitely curious Wired Science contributor who's obsessed with space, physics, biology and technology. He lives in New York City. Follow @davemosher and @wiredscience on Twitter. Read more at www.wired.com

 

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Rocky from Phila discusses priest pedo's

DON’T MISS THIS, FOLKS: Rocky from Philadelphia discusses priest pedophilia in the City of Brotherly Love

Amplify’d from reform-network.net

DON’T MISS THIS, FOLKS: Rocky from Philadelphia discusses priest pedophilia in the City of Brotherly Love

Yesterday, 3.10.2011, I received the following from a source that wishes to remain anonymous at this time.

Voice from the Desert publishes it with the author’s permission.

Confidential letter to Christy Mahon from The Company

Yo Christy. Are you kidding me? You Irish complain too much. You think you got problems? You got nothin’ compared to mine.

Here I am, the number one U.S. branch manager of the Universal Eternal Life Insurance Company – UELICO – and my operation is fallin apart. I just had to can 21 of my agents; I’m havin to close locations right and left, and customers are walkin away, so I’m not gettin my share of the premiums. I don’t know what the hell’s the matter with em. We put out a good product. Real expensive costumes, organ music, incense, the works. We’re even givin em more Latin.

We were already havin’ trouble gettin’ agents. We tell ‘em they can’t get married so we can keep em under control. We don’t care what they do in their spare time, but some of ‘em turn out to go after young ones, even boys. So that’s our problem. We’ve tried to cover it up as best we can, but too much is leakin’ out.

Things are heatin’ up, and I’m bein’ roasted alive. That woman DA hit us with that Grand Jury report in ‘06, but my lawyers got me out of it more or less ok. Great firm – Dewey, Cheatem, and Howe – I recommend ‘em. Our guy there is Sassifrassio. He’s Italian, just like me. We both went after the report and said they were out to get the Company. That worked pretty well. People got over it.

Things were goin’ good and then – bam – another Grand Jury report. This time the DA is one of ours. But he’s a black guy, so he can’t take any chances. The last one was a Jew, and she was out to get us. Now, they’re trying to put some of our agents on trial, so I had to throw some of em under the bus to take the heat off.

The problem is, this may not keep the State legislature under control. Two reps from Philly have filled bills to get rid of the statutes of limitations and to open a window for civil suits. Last time the Dems were in control of the House, and the chairman of the Judiciary Committee was one of us. He’s Italian, just like me. This time it’s the Republicans. They’re usually on our side, but I don’t know about the chairman, even though he’s Italian, just like me. We gotta stop ‘em from havin’ a hearing. If they get those victims and parents up there givin’ out all their bleedin’ heart crap, we got real problems.

If this happens the costs are goin’ to sky-rocket. Those lobbyists cost big bucks, and with the premium payments goin’ down and people getting a bit twitchy about the capital campaign, we may have to unload some property. There are people out there tryin’ to get us. Like that damn SNAP and VOTF and all those pinko liberal creeps. We’re already in trouble big time with the younger people. They don’t show up at the locations, so they’re not payin’ their premiums. In another ten years things could look real real bad. But so what. I’ll be outa here by then.

This whole thing stinks. I was havin’ it real good. We still had plenty of suckers payin’ their premiums every week, and we even had the $200 million campaign going real good. I’m livin’ it up in my estate out on the Main Line, flyin’ to Rome twice a month first class, and I was coasting in for a real nice spot in Rome just like Bernie Law got. Now, every time I go there the Boss is looking at me sideways, like I’m really screwing up in Philly. And he isn’t even Italian.

So Christy, compared to me, you got nothing to worry about. So hang loose, and I’ll see you in church. Hah hah.

Your old buddy,

Rocky Read more at reform-network.net

 

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Cromwell Parliment Speech 1656 Pt 5 of 5

Amplify’d from www.vaticanassassins.org

Cromwell Delivers Greatest Parlimentarian Speech in World History, 1656! Pt. 5 of 5

Oliver Cromwell: Protector of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith, 1656

We now arrive at our destination! Our beloved Sir Oliver Cromwell, the true founder of “These North American United Protestant and Baptist States of America” (1789-1868), concludes his masterpiece with a bold yet compassionate exhortation to continue the Reformation in England.  For if Protestant England should be lost to the Designs of Rome, then the entire White Protestant Western Civilization would be finished.  God help us all to read these his final words and weep with repentance, return to serve the God and Father of the Risen Lord Jesus Christ Who first gave us the Protestant and Baptist-wrought liberties of a once free people.  May we then wax “valiant for the truth in the earth,” being humble towards God and bold towards men for righteousness sake—as did His Royal Highness, Oliver Cromwell the Magnificent.

One final word from Edward McKendree Bounds (1835-1913) taken from his E. M. Bounds on Prayer, (New Kensington, Pennsylvania: Whitaker House, 1997), p. 19:

“When once asked what his plans for the following day were, Martin Luther answered, ‘Work, work, from early until late.  In fact, I have so much to do that I shall spend the first three hours in prayer.’  Cromwell, too, believed in being much upon his knees.  On one occasion, while looking at some statues of famous men, he turned to a friend and said,

‘Make mine kneeling, for thus I came to glory.’

Oliver Cromwell, the Great White Father who broke the Temporal Power of the Pope of Rome over his beloved England, Scotland and Ireland, now, in answer to his prayers, delivers his extemporaneous Grand Finale, his Hallelujah Chorus.   As this body of weathered English statesmen—the Protector’s divided Second Protectorate Parliament in whose hands lay the future of continuing Reformation or returning to that Roman Babylon led by the Devil’s Papal Antichrist—sits upright and stunned, the Holy Spirit of God, convicting of sin, righteousness and judgment, has its full attention through His obedient servant, His Royal Highness and Defender of the Faith, Oliver Cromwell.  He concludes:

“I have little more to say to you, being very weary; and I know you are so ‘too.’  Truly I did begin with what I thought was ‘the means’ to carry on this War (if you will carry it on), That we might join together in that vigorously.  And I did promise an answer to an objection:  “But what will you prosecute it with?”  The State is hugely in debt; I believe it comes to—-[Reporter cannot hear; on his Paper is mere Blank;---nay I think his Highness stutters, does not clearly articulate any sum.---Carlyle]—The Treasure of the State is run out.  We shall not be an enemy to your inspection; but desire it,—that you should inspect the Treasury, and how moneys have been expended.  And we are not afraid to look the Nation in the face upon this score.  And therefore we will say negatively, first, No man can say we have misemployed the Treasures of this Nation, and embezzled it to particular and private uses.

“It may be we have not been,—as the world terms it,—so fortunate in all our successes, ‘in the issues of all our attempts’? [Hispaniola was a terrible affair, your Highness; and Jamaica is yet---a load to crush any but a Man of hope!---Carlyle] Truly if we are of mind that God may not decide for us in these things, I think we shall be quarrelling with what God ‘Himself’ will answer ‘for.’  And we hope we are able,—it may be weakly, I doubt not—to give an answer to God, and to give an answer to every man’s conscience in the sight of God, of the reason of things. But we shall tell you, it—["It," the principal "reason" we could give, was the Plotting of the Cavaliers; whereat his Highness bursts into sudden spontaneous combustion again!---Carlyle]—was part of that Arch-Fire, which hath been in this your time; wherein there were flames good store, fire enough;—and it will be your wisdom and skill, and God’s blessing upon you, to quench them both here and elsewhere!  I say it again, our endeavours—by those that have been appointed, by those that have been Major-Generals; I can repeat it with comfort,—they have been effectual for the Preservation of your Peace! [What worlds of old terror, rage and endeavour, all dead now; what continents of extinct fire, of life-volcanoes once blazing, now sunk in eternal darkness, do we discern, with emotion, through this chance crevice in his Highness!---Carlyle] It hath been more effectual towards the discountenancing of Vice and settling Religion, that anything done these fifty years [since the beginning of the reign of King James I---EJP]:  I will abide by it, nothwithsanding the envy and slander of foolish men! [Poor Oliver, noble Oliver!---Carlyle]  But I say there was a Design—I confess I speak that to you with a little vehemency—But you had not peace two months together, ‘nothing but plot after plot;’ I profess I believe it as much as ever I did anything in the world: and how instrumental they, ‘these Major Generals,’ have been to your peace and for your preservation, by such means,—which, we say, was Necessity! More ‘instrumental’ than all instituted things in the world!— —If you would make laws against whatever things God may please to send, ‘laws’ to meet everything that may happen,—you make a law in the face of God; you tell God you will meet all His dispensations, and will stay things whether He will or no! *

[*'Laws against events,' insisted on before, 181.  The 'event' there could be no law against beforehand, was the universal rising of the cutthroat Cavaliers: a thing not believed-in by the thickskinned, but too well known to his Highness as a terrible verity,---which the thickest skin would have got acquainted with, moreover, had it not been for him!  Evidently a most provoking topic.---Carlyle]

“But if you make good laws of Government, that men may know how to obey and to act for Government, they may be laws that have frailty and weakness; ay, and ‘yet’ good laws to be observed.  But if nothing should ‘ever’ be done but what is “according to Law,” the throat of the Nation may be cut while we send for some to make a Law! [The Tyrant's plea?---Yes, and the true Governor's my friend; for extremes meet.---Carlyle] Therefore certainly it is a pitiful beastly notion to think, though it be for ordinary Government to live by law and rule, yet—’if a Government in extraordinary circumstances go beyond the law even for self-preservation, it is’ to be clamoured-at, and blottered-at. [His Highness still extremely animated; wants as if more tongues than one to speak all e feels!---Carlyle] When matters of Necessity come, then without guilt extraordinary remedies may not be applied?  who can be so pitiful a person!—

“I confess, if Necessity be pretended, there is so much the more sin. [So it is in America today.  911 was a terrorist act carried out by the Unified American Intelligence Community overseen by Archbishop of New York City Edward Cardinal Egan's Jesuit-Georgetown University trained, CFR-member and Director of Central Intelligence, Roman Catholic Knight of Malta George J. Tenet.  The pretended "Necessity" springing from this treason was the Jesuit-authored Patriot Act and the Jesuit-created Department of "Romeland" Security--- "so much the more sin."---EJP]  A laying the irregularity of men’s actions upon God as if He had sent a Necessity;—who doth indeed send Necessities!  But to anticipate these—For as to an appeal to God, I own it, ‘own this Necessity,’ conscientiously to God; and the principles of Nature  dictate the thing: [Again, we are being instructed by "Nature" as cited in the American Declaration of Independence, 1776.---EJP] —But if there be a supposition, I say, of a Necessity which [in fact---EJP] is not, every act so done hath in it the more sin.  This ‘whether it a given  case, there is a Necessity or not,’ perhaps is rather to be disputed than otherwise:  But I must say I do not know one action ‘of this Government,’ no not one, but it hath been in order to the peace and safety of the Nation.  And the keeping of some in prison [Liburn, Wildman, Overton, Grey of Groby, Willoughby of Parham, occasionally Harrison and others: a fair stock of Prisoners up and down!---Carlyle] hath been upon such clear and just grounds that no man can except against it.  I know there are some imprisoned in the Isle of Wight, in Cornwall and elsewhere; and the cause of their imprisonment, was, They were all found acting things which tended to the disturbance of the Peace of the Nation.  Now these principles made us say to them:  “Pray live quietly in your own “countries:  you shall not be urged with bonds or engagements, or to “subscribe to the Government.”  But they would not so much as say, “We will promise to live peaceably.”  If others are imprisoned, it is because they have done such things.  And if other particulars strike, we know what to say,—as having endeavoured to walk as those that would not only give an account to God of their actions in Authority, but had ‘withal’ to give an account of them to men. [Anticlimax;---better than some climaxes; full of simplicity and discretion.---Carlyle]

“I confess I have digressed much.—I would not have you be discouraged if you think the State is exceeding poor.  Give me leave to tell you, we have managed the Treasury not unthriftily, nor to private uses; but for the use of the Nation and Government;—and shall give you this short account. When the Long Parliament sat, this Nation owed 700,000l.   We examined it; it was brought unto that,—in short Meeting ‘of the Little Parliament ["Rump Parliament" after Pride's Purge---EJP],’ within half a year after the Government came into our hands.  I believe there was more rather than less.  They ‘the Long-Parliament people,’ had 120,000l. a-month; they had the King’s, Queen’s, Prince’s, Bishops’ Lands; all Delinquents’ Estates, and the Dean-and-Chapter Lands;—which was a very rich Treasure.  As soon as ever we came to the Government, we abated 30,000l. the first half-year, and 60,000l. after.  We had no benefits of those Estates, at all considerable; I do not think the fiftieth part of what they had:—and give me leave to tell you, You are not so much in debt as we found you.  We know it hath been maliciously dispersed, as if we had set the Nation into 2,500,000l. of debt:  but I tell you, you are not so much in debt, by some thousands,—I think I may say, by some hundreds of thousands!  This is true that I tell you.  We have honestly,—it may be not so wisely as some others would have done,—but with honest and plain hearts, laboured and endeavoured the disposal of Treasure to Public Uses; and laboured to pull off the common charge 60,000l. a-month, as you see.  And if we had continued that charge that was left upon the Nation, perhaps we could have had as much money ‘in hand,’ as now we are in debt.—These things being thus, I did think it my duty to give you this account,—though it be wearisome even to yourselves and to me.

“Now if I had the tongue of an Angel; if I was so certainly Inspired as the holy Men of God have been, I could rejoice, for your sakes, and for these Nations’ sakes [England, Scotland and Ireland---EJP], and for the sake of God, and of His Cause which we have all been engaged in [breaking the Pope's Temporal Power over these nations---EJP], if I could move affections in you to that which, if you do it, will save this nation!  If not,—you plunge it, to all human appearance, ‘it’ and all Interests, yea and all Protestants in the world, into irrecoverable ruin!—

“Therefore I pray and beseech you, in the name of Christ, Show yourselves to be men; “quit yourselves like men!” [I Corinthians 16:13, AV1611] It doth not infer any reproach if yo do show yourselves men:  Christian men,—which alone will make you “quite yourselves.”  I do not think that, to this work you have in hand, a neutral spirit will do.  That is a Laodicean spirit; and we know what God said to that Church [Revelation 3:14-22]:  it was “lukewarm,” and therefore He would “spew it out of His mouth!”  It is not a neutral spirit that is incumbent upon you.  And it not a neutral spirit, it is much less a stupefied spirit, inclining you, in the least disposition, the wrong way!  Men are, in their private consciences, every day making shipwreck; and it’s no wonder if these can shake hands with persons of reprobate Interests:—such, give me leave to thing, are the Popish Interests.  For the Apostle brands them so, “having seared consciences.” [I Timothy 4:2]  Though I do not judge every man:—but the ringleaders are such.  The Scriptures foretold there should be such.* [Jude 4; II Timothy 3:1-5]

[*Of the Insurrectionary persons, and the general Miscellany who favor the Popish Interests; it is on these more than on Papists proper that his Highness is now again coming to glance.---Carlyle.  Such is the case here in the US today: there are many traitors and insurrectionists within the Pope's CFR and assorted secret societies who are not Roman Catholics, and thus Roman Catholics in general should not be blamed for the Black Pope's Design against Protestant-and-Baptist, "heretic-and-liberal" America imposed by a host of conspirators who are anything but Roman Catholics!---EJP]

“It is not such a spirit that will carry this work on!  It is men in a Christian state; who have works and faith [spoken as a true Calvinist!---EJP]; who know how to lay hold on Christ for remission ‘of sins,’ till a man be brought to “glory and hope.”  Such an hope kindled in men’s spirits will actuate them to such ends as you are tending to:  and so many as are partakers of that, and do own your standings, wherein the Providence of God hath set and called you to this work, ‘so many’ will carry it on.

“If men, through scruple, be opposite, you cannot take them by the hand to carry them ‘along with you,’—it were absurd:  if a man be scrupling the plain truth before him, it is in vain to meddle with him.  He hath placed another business in his mind; he is saying, “Oh, if we could but exercise wisdom to gain Civil Liberty,—Religion would follow!” [His Highness thinks Religion will PRECEDE,---as I hope thou also, in a sense, emphatically thinkest.  His Highness does not much affect Constitution-builders, Oceana Harringtons, and Members of the Rota Club.  Here, however he has his eye principally upon the late Parliament, with its Constitution-pedantries and parchments.---Carlyle.  Once again, such is the case here in the US: Constitution-loving, patriotic nationalists will never restore Protestant liberty unless there is a spiritual Great Awakening via the preaching of the true Gospel of Christ as was the case during Cromwell's era, as was the case during Washington's era!---EJP] Certainly there are such men, who are not maliciously blind, whom  God, for some cause, exercises.  It cannot be expected that they should do anything! These men,—they must demonstrate that they are in bonds.— —Could we have carried it thus far, if we had sat disputing in that manner?  I must profess I reckon that difficulty more than all the wrestling with flesh and blood. [What could so try one as that Pedant Parliament did; disputing, doling-out pennyweights of distilled constitution; and Penruddock, Charles Stuart and the Spaniards waiting momentarily to come in, with Ate (a group of persons with reckless ambition driving men to ruin) and the Scarlet Woman (with the Holy Office of the Inquisition) in their rear?---Carlyle]  Doubting, hesitating men, they are not fit for your work.  You must not expect that men of hesitating spirits, under the bondage of scruples, will be able to carry on this work much less such as are merely carnal, natural; such as having an “outward profession of Godliness,” whom the Apostle speaks of so often, “are enemies to the cross of Christ; whose god is their belly; whose glory is in their shame; who mind earthly things.” [Philippians 3:18-19]  Do you think these men will rise to such a spiritual heat for the Nation as shall carry you a Cause like this; as will meet ‘and defy’ all the oppositions that the Devil and wicked men can make? [Not to BE expected, your Highness; not at all.   And yet we, two-hundred years later, how do we go on expecting it,---by the aid of Ballot-boxes, Reform-Club Attorneys, etc. etc.!---Carlyle.  We in the US are under the same Papal delusion, siding with either the Democrats or Republicans, both parties mere tools of Rome!---EJP]

“Give me leave to tell you,—those that are called to this work, it will not depend ‘for them’ upon formalities, nor notions, nor speeches!  I do not look the work should be done by these.  ‘No;’ but by men of honest hearts, engaged to God; strengthened by Providence; enlightened in His words, to know His Word,—to which He hath set His Seal, sealed with the blood of His Son, with the blood of His Servants:  that is such a spirit as will carry on this work.

“Therefore I beseech you, do not dispute of unnecessary and unprofitable things which may divert you from carrying on so glorious a work as this is. [The "Glorious Work" is to keep Great Britain forever free from the tyranny of the Pope's Temporal Power reigning throughout the land, that Papal Power presently exercised through Queen Elizabeth II!---EJP]  I think every objection that ariseth is not to be answered; nor have I time for it.  I say, Look up to God; have peace among yourselves.  Know assuredly that if I have interest, I am by the voice of the People the Supreme Magistrate; and, it may be, do know somewhat that might satisfy my conscience, if I stood in doubt!  But it is a union, really it is a union, ‘this’ between you and me;  and both of us united in faith and love to Jesus Christ, and to His peculiar Interest in the world,—that must ground this work.  And in that, if I have any peculiar Interest which is personal to myself, which is not subservient to the Public end,—it were not an extravagant thing for me to curse myself:  because I know God will curse me, if I have! [Look in that countenance of his Highness!---Carlyle]  I have learned too much of God, to dally with Him, and to be bold with Him, in these things.  And I hope I never shall be bold with Him;—though I can be bold with men, if Christ be pleased to assist!—

“I say, if there be love between us, so that the Nations [England, Scotland and Ireland] may say, “These are knit together in one bond, to “promote the glory of God against the Common Enemy [the Jesuit Papacy and its agents, foreign and domestic---EJP]; to suppress everything “that is Evil, and encourage whatsoever is of Godliness,”—yea, the Nation will bless you!  And really that and nothing else will work-off these Disaffections from the minds of men; which are great,—perhaps greater than all the ‘other’ oppositions you can meet with.  I do know what I say.  When I speak of these things, I speak my heart before God;—and, as I said before, I dare not be bold with Him.  I have a little faith:  I have a little lived by faith, and therein I may be “bold.”  If I spoke other than the affections and secrets of my heart, I know He would not bear it at my hands! [Deep silence; His Highness's voice, in sonorous bass, alone audible in the Painted Chamber.---Carlyle]  Therefore in the fear and name of God:  Go on, with love and integrity, against whatever arises of contrary to those ends which you know and have been told of; and the blessing of God go with you,—and the blessing of God will go with you! [Amen!---Carlyle]

“I have but one more thing to say.  I know it is troublesome:—But I did read a Psalm yesterday; which truly may not unbecome both me to tell you of, and you to observe.  It is the Eighty-fifth Psalm; it is very instructive and significant: and though I do but a little touch upon it, I desire your perusal at pleasure. [We will many of us read it, this night; almost all of us, with one view or the other;---and some of us may sing a part of it at evening worship.---Carlyle]

“It begins: “Lord, Thou hast been very favourable to Thy Land; Thou “hast brought back the captivity of Jacob.  Thou has forgiven the “iniquity of Thy People; Thou hast covered all their sin.  Thou hast “taken away all the fierceness of Thy wrath:  Thou has turned “Thyself from the fierceness of Thine anger.  Turn us, O God of our “salvation, and cause Thine anger toward us to cease.  Wilt thou be “angry with us forever; wilt Thou draw out Thine anger to all “generations?  Wilt Thou not revive us again, that Thy People may “rejoice in Thee?” Then he calls upon God as “the God of his “salvation,” and then saith he: “I will hear what God the Lord will “speak:  for He will speak peace unto His People, and to His Saints; “but let them not turn again to folly.  Surely His Salvation is nigh “them that fear Him;”  Oh—“that glory may dwell in our Land!  “Mercy and Truth are met together; Righteousness and Peace have “kissed each other.  Truth shall spring out of the Earth, and “Righteousness shall look down from Heaven.  Yea the Lord shall “give that which is good, and our Land shall yield her increase,  “Righteousness shall go before Him, and shall set us in the way of His “steps.”

[What a vision of celestial hope is this!  vista into Lands of Light; God's Will done on Earth; this poor English Earth and Emblem of Heaven; where God's Blessing reigns supreme; where ghastly Falsity and brutal Greed and Baseness, and Cruelty and Cowardice, and Sin and Fear, and all the Helldogs of Gehenna shall lie chained under our feet; and Man, august in divine manhood, shall step victorious over them, heavenward, like a god!  O Oliver, I could weep,---and yet it steads not.  Do not I too look into "Psalms," into a kind of Eternal Psalm, unalterable as adamant,----which the whole world yet will look into?  Courage, my brave one!---Carlyle]

“Truly I wish that this Psalm, as it is written in the Book [AV1611 English Authorized Version---EJP], might be better written in our hearts.  That we might say as David, “Thou hast done this,” and “Thou has done that;” “Thou has pardoned our sins; Thou hast taken away our iniquities”!  Whether can we go to a better God?  For “He “hath done it.”  It is to Him any Nation may come in their extremity, for the taking away of His wrath.  How did He do it?  “By pardoning “their sins, by taking away their iniquities!”  If we can but cry unto Him, He will “turn and take away our sins.”—Then let us listen to Him.  Then let us consult, and meet in Parliament; and ask Him counsel, and hear what He saith, “for He will speak peace unto His “People.”  If you be the People of God, He will speak peace;—and we will not turn again to folly.

” “Folly:” a great deal of grudging in the Nation that we cannot have our horse-races, cock-fightings, and the like! [Abolished, suspended, for good reasons!---Carlyle.  Cromwell also closed down the wicked Globe Theater.---EJP] I do not think these are lawful, except to make them recreations.  That we will not endure ‘for necessary ends’ [For preventing Royalist Plots, and suchlike---Carlyle] to be abridged of them:—Till God hath brought us to another spirit than this, He will not bear with us. Ay, “but He bears with them in France;” “they in France are so are so!” [As previously stated, 19 years from the date of this sitting, the Jesuits will purge France of all her Protestant Huguenots via the Revocation of Nantes, 1685.---EJP]–-Have they the Gospel as we have?  They have seen the sun but a little; we have great lights.— —If God give you a spirit of Reformation, you will preserve this Nation from “turning again” to those fooleries:—and what will the end be?  Comfort and blessing.  Then “Mercy and Truth shall meet together.” Here is a great deal of “truth” among professors, but very little “mercy”!  They are ready to cut the throats of one another.  But when we are brought into the right way, we shall be merciful as well as orthodox:  and we know who it is that saith, “If a man could speak with the tongues of men and angels, and yet want that, he is but sounding brass and a tingling cymbal!” [I Corinthians 13:1]

Therefore I beseech you in the name of God, set your hearts to this ‘work.’  And if you set your hearts to nit, then you will sing Luther’s Psalm. [Psalm Forty-sixth; of which Luther's Paraphrase, Eine feste Burg ist unser Gott, is still very celebrated.---Carlyle] That it is a rare Psalm for a Christian!—and if he set his heart open, and can approve it to God, we shall hear him say, “God is our refuge and strength, a very present help in time of trouble.” [The classic A Very Present Help: A Tribute to the Faithfulness of God (1945) written by English Lt. General Sir William Dobbie is highly recommended.---EJP]  If Pope and Spaniard, and Devil and all, set themselves against us,—though they should “compass us like bees,” as it is in the Hundred-and-eighteenth Psalm,—yet in the name of the Lord we should destroy them!  And, as it is in this Psalm of Luther’s:  “We will not fear, though the Earth be removed, and “though the mountains be carried into the middle of the sea; though “the waters thereof roar and be troubled; though the mountains “shake with the swelling thereof.”  “There is a river, the streams “thereof shall make glad the City of God.  God is in the midst of her; “she shall not be moved.” Then he repeats two or three times, “The “Lord of Hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge.”

[What are the King of Spain, Charles Stuart, Joseph Wagstaff, Chancellor Hyde, and your triple-hatted Chimera of Rome?  What is the Devil in General, for that matter,---the still very extensive Entity called"Devil," with all the force he can raise?---Carlyle.  Indeed, what are King Juan Carlos, the King of Spain; Mulatto Barry Davis Obama and his White Jesuit master, Joe Biden; General David Petraeus; Chancellor Heinz Kissinger and that Antichrist Pope Benedict XVI in Rome? What is the Devil, with all the force he can raise if indeed the Risen Lord Jesus Christ has all power in heaven and in earth and He resides in us by His Holy Spirit, those of us in Christ Jesus?  Indeed, the Lord is the strength of our lives, OF WHOM SHALL WE BE AFRAID!---EJP]

“I have done.  All I have to say is, To pray God that He may bless you with His presence; that He who hath your hearts and mine would show His presence in the midst of us.

“I desire you will go together, and choose your Speaker.”

Thomas Carlyle, Oliver Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches: With Elucidations, (London: Chapman and Hall, 1894), Vol, IV of V, pp. 210-222.

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Cromwell Parliment Speech 1656 Pt 4 of 5

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Cromwell Delivers Greatest Parlimentarian Speech in World History, 1656! Pt. 4 of 5

Oliver Cromwell: Protector of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith, 1656

Leaving off with his summation of the Major Generals, they having maintained the Peace until a real Parliament (devoted to the happiness of the Lord’s Bible-reading, Calvinist Protestant and Baptist Christian peoples) would assume power, His Royal Highness Oliver Cromwell continues in warning this Second Protectorate Parliament of the Designs—the ceaseless Conspiracy—of Rome and her Military Company of Jesus against their White English race, personal lives, meager fortunes, Biblical faith and Protestant Nation:

“Well; your danger is as you have seen.  And truly I am sorry it is so great.  But I wish it to cause no despondency;—as truly, I think, it will not:  for we are Englishmen; that is one good fact.  And if God give a Nation the property of valour and courage, it is honour and a mercy ‘from Him.’  And much more ‘than English’! Because you all, I hope, are Christian Men, who know Jesus Christ [Yea!---Carlyle], and know that Cause which hath been mentioned to you this day.

“Having declared to you my sense and knowledge,—pardon me if I say so, my knowledge [another most humble clarification on the part of the greatest man of his age and foremost enemy of Rome---EJP],—of the condition of these poor Nations, for it hath an influence upon them all, it concerneth them all very palpably; I should be to blame if I did not a little offer to you the Remedies. [Second head of method: the Remedies---Carlyle]  I would comprehend them under two considerations.  They are both somewhat general.  The one is, The Considering all things that may be done, and ought to be done, in order to Security; that is one.  And truly the other is a common head, ‘a general, nay a universal consideration,’—the other is, Doing all things that ought to be done in order to Reformation:  and with that I will close my Discourse [to extend for another tremendous 20 pages!---EJP]  All that hath hitherto been hinted-at was but to give you a sense of the danger; which ‘truly’ is most material and significant; for which principally you are called hither to advise of the remedies.—I do put them, ‘the remedies,’ into this twofold method, not but that I think they are scarcely distinct.  I do believe, truly, upon serious and deliberate consideration:  That a true Reformation, as it may, and will through God’s acceptance, and by the endeavours of His poor servants, be,—That that, ‘I say,’ well pleasing in His sight; and will prove not only what shall avert the present danger, but be a worthy return for all the blessings and mercies which you have received.  So, in my conscience, if I were put to show it, this hour, Where the security of these Nations will lie?—forces, arms, watchings, posts, strength; your being and freedom; be as politic and diligent, and as vigilant as you can be,—I would say in my conscience, and as before Almighty God I speak it:  I think your Reformation, if it be honest and thorough and just, it will be your best security! [Hear him; Hear, hear!---Carlyle]

“First, ‘however,’ with regard to Security ‘outwardly considered.’  We will speak a little distinctly to that.  You see where your War is.  It is with the Spaniard.  You have Peace with all ‘other’ Nations, or the most of them; Swede, Dane, Dutch.  At present, I say, it is well; it is at present so.  And so likewise with the Portugal, with France,—the Mediterranean Sea.  Both these States; both Christian and Profane; the Mahometan;—you have Peace with them all.  Only with Spain you have a difference, you have a War.  I pray consider it.  Do I come to tell you that I would tie you to this War?  No.  ‘According’ as you shall find your spirits and reasons grounded in what hath been said, so let you and me join in the prosecution of that War,—’according’ as we are satisfied, and as the cause shall appear to our consciences in the sight of the Lord. But if you can come to prosecute it, prosecute it vigorously, or don’t do it at all!—

“Truly I shall speak a very great word,—one man ask a very great question: “Unde; Whence shall the means of it come?”  Our Nation is overwhelmed in debts!  Nevertheless I think it my duty to deal plainly; I shall speak what even Nature teacheth us. [This same term "Nature," taken from the AV1611 Bible (I Cor. 11:14) would be used throughout this Speech as well as in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 by one of its five authors, Calvinist Roger Sherman.---EJP]  If we engage in a business,—a recoiling man may haply recover of his enemy:  but the wisdom of a man surely will be in the keeping of his ground!  Therefore that is what I advise you, That we join together to prosecute it vigorously [as did Cromwell during his invasion of Ireland---EJP].  In the second place, I would advise you to deal effectually,—even because there is such a “complication of interests,” ‘as some keep objecting.’  If you believe that there is such a complication of interests,—why, then, in the name of God, that excites you the more to do it!  Give me leave to tell you, I do not believe that in any war that ever was in former times, nor in any engagements that you have had with other ‘enemies,’ this Nation had more obligation upon it to look to itself,—to forbear waste of time, precious time! Needlessly to mind things that are essential [basic Bible doctrine, the common beliefs of all Christians save the Papists!---EJP]; to be quibbling about words, and comparatively about things of no moment; and in the mean time,—being in such a case as I suppose you know we are,—to suffer ourselves to be wanting to a just defence against the common Enemies abroad, or not to be thoroughly sensible of the Distempers that are at home—!—I know, perhaps there are many considerations which may teach you, which may incline you, to keep your own hands tender from men of one [Reformation Bible-based Christian] Religion ‘with ourselves,’ and of an Interest that is so spread in the nation.  However, if they seek the eradication of the Nation; if they be active as you have seen, and ‘as’ it hath been made manifest so as not to be denied, to the carrying-on of their designs; if England must be eradicated by persons complicated with the Spaniard; if this must be brought upon us through distempers and falseness of men among themselves,—then the question is no more than this:  Whether any consideration whatsoever shall lead us, for fear of eradicating distempers, to suffer all the honest Interests of this nation to be eradicated? Therefore, speaking generally of any of their distempers, ‘which are’ of all sorts,—where a member cannot be cured, the rule is plain, Ense rescindendum est immedicablie vulnus [i.e., remove the incurable].  And I think it is of such an advantage that nothing ever could more properly be put in practice since this or any nation ‘first’ was.

“As to those lesser Distempers of people that pretend Religion, yet which from the whole consideration of Religion, would fall under one of the heads of Reformation,—I had rather put these under this head; and I shall the less speak to it, because you have been so well spoken-to already today ‘elsewhere’ [by Preacher John Owen at Church---EJP].  I will tell you the truth:  Our practice since the last Parliament hath been, To let all this Nation see, that whatever pretensions to Religion would continue quiet, peaceable, they should enjoy conscience and liberty to themselves;—and not to make Religion a pretence for arms and blood. Truly we have suffered them, and that cheerfully, so to enjoy their own liberties.  Whatsoever is contrary, ‘and not peaceable,’ let the pretence be never so specious,—if it tend to combination, to interest and factions, we shall not care, by the grace of God, whom we meet withal, though never so specious, ‘if they be not quiet’!  And truly I am against all “liberty of conscience” repugnant to this. If men will profess,—be they those under Baptism, be they those of the Independent [Baptist] judgment simply, or of the Presbyterian judgment,—in the name of God, encourage them, countenance them; so long as they do plainly continue to be thankful to God, and to make use of the liberty given them to enjoy their own consciences!  For, as it was said today [by Minister John Owen], undoubtedly “this is the peculiar Interest all this while contended for.”

[The Protector is only for freedom of conscience for those Reformed peoples having a common Reformation Bible and common faith in Jesus Christ.  He encourages tolerance among these peoples whom he considered to be his brethren, though of diverse Protestant denominations.  Oliver, the Independent Baptist-Calvinist, is against  freedom of conscience for any religious sect that would justify the shedding of blood to impose their religion upon another.  Of necessity, Cromwell therefore opposed freedom of conscience for the Roman Catholic and the Muslim as the writings of both "works salvation" religions call for forced conversions and/or the shedding of the blood of the "heretic" and the "infidel."---EJP]

“Men who believe in Jesus Christ—that is the Form that gives being to true religion, ‘namely,’ to Faith in Christ and walking in a profession answerable to that Faith;—men who believe the remission of sins through the blood of Christ, and free justification by the blood of Christ; who live upon the grace of God:  Those men who are certain they are so,—’they’ are members of Jesus Christ, and are to Him the apple of His eye.  Whoever hath this Faith, let his Form be what it will; he walking peaceably, without prejudice to others under other Forms:—it is a debt due to God and Christ; and He will require it, if that Christian may not enjoy his liberty. [True tolerance; a noble thing:  Patience, indifference as to the Unessential; liveliest impatience, inexorable INTOLERANCE for the Want of the Essential!---Carlyle]

“If a man of one form will be trampling upon the heels of another form; if an Independent, for example, will despise him ‘who is’ under Baptism, and will revile him, and reproach and provoke him,—I will not suffer it in him.  If, on the other side, those of the Anabaptist ‘judgment’ shall be censuring the Godly Ministers of the Nation who profess under that of Independency; or if those that profess under Presbytery shall be reproaching or speaking evil of them, traducing and censuring of them,—as I would not be willing to see the day when England shall be in the power of the Presbytery to impose upon the consciences of others that profess faith in Christ,—so I will not endure any reproach to them,  But God give us hearts and spirits to keep things equal. Which, truly I must profess to you, hath been my temper.  I have had some boxes ‘on the ear,’ and rebukes,—on the one hand and on the other; some censuring me for Presbytery; others as an inletter to all the Sects and Heresies of the Nation.  I have borne my reproach:  but I have, through God’s mercy, not been unhappy in hindering any one Religion to impose upon another.  And truly I must needs say (I speak it experimentally):  I have found it, I have, that those of the Presbyterian judgment— —I speak it knowingly, as having received from very many Counties—I have had Petitions, and acknowledgments and professions, from whole Counties; as from Corwall, Devon, Somerset, and other Counties.  Acknowledgments that they, ‘the Presbyterians there,’ do but desire they may have liberty and protection in the worshipping of God according to their own judgments; for the purging of their congregations, and the labouring to attain more purity of faith and repentance;—and that, in their outward profession, they will not strain themselves beyond their own line.  I have had those Petitions; I have them to show.  And I confess I look at that as the blessedest thing which hath been since the adventuring upon this Government, ‘or’ which these times produce.  And I hope I gave them fair and honest answers.  And if it shall be found to be the Civil Magistrate’s real endeavour to keep all professing Christians in this relation to one another; not suffering any to say or do what will justly provoke the others;—I think he that would have more liberty than this, is not worthy of any. [Perfectly said and well done, Your Highness and dearest of all Calvinist Statesmen!---EJP]

“This therefore I think verily, if it may be under consideration for Reformation:—I say, if it please God to give you and me hearts to keep this straight, ‘it may be a great means’ in giving countenance to just Ministers,— —in countenancing a just maintenance to them, by Tithes or otherwise.  For my part I should think I were very treacherous if I took away Tithes, till I see the Legislative Power settle Maintenance to Ministers another way.  But whoever they be that shall contend to destroy Tithes,—it doth as surely cut their ‘the Ministers’ throats as it is a drift to take Tithes away before another mode of maintenance, or way of preparation towards such, be had. Truly I think all such practices and proceedings should be discountenanced.  I have heard it from as gracious a Minister as any is in England; I have had it professed:  That it would be a far greater satisfaction to them to have maintenance another way,—if the State will provide it.—Therefore I think, for the keeping of the Church and people of God and professors in their several forms in this liberty,—I think as it, ‘this of tithes, or some other maintenance,’ hath been a thing that is the root of visible Profession, the upholding of this—I think you will find a blessing in it:—if God keep your hearts to keep things in this posture and balance, which is  so honest and so necessary.

“Truly, there might be some other things offered to you, in point of Reformation: a Reformation of Manners, to wit— —But I had forgot one thing which I must remember!  It is the Church’s work, you know, in some measure: yet give me leave to ask, and I appeal unto your consciences, Whether or no there hath not been an honest care taken for the ejecting of Scandalous Ministers, and for the bringing-in of them that have passed an Approbation? [Our two Commissions of Triers and Expurgators.---Carlyle] I dare say, such an Approbation as never passed in England before!  And give me leave to say, It hath been with this difference ‘from the old practice,’ that neither Mr. Parson nor Doctor in the University hath been reckoned stamp enough by those that made these Approbations;—though, I can say too, they have a great esteem for Learning; and look at Grace as most useful when it falls unto men with rather than without ‘that addition;’ and wish, with all their hearts, the flourishing all those Institutions of Learning, as much as any.  I think there hath been a conscience exercised, both by myself and the Ministers, towards them that have been Approved.  I may say, such an one, as I truly believe was never known in England, ‘in regard to this matter.’  And do verily believe that God hath, for the Ministry, a very great seed in the youth ‘now’ in the Universities; who instead of studying Books, study their own hearts. I do believe, as God hath made a very great and flourishing seed to that purpose; so this Ministry of England—I think in my very conscience that God will bless and favor it; and hath blessed it, to the gaining of very many souls. It was never so upon the thriving hand since England was, as at this day.  Therefore I say, in these things, ‘in these arrangements made by us,’ which tend to the profession of the Gospel and Public Ministry, ‘I think’ you will be so far from hindering, that you will further them,  and I shall be willing to join with you.

“I did hint to you my thoughts about the Reformation of Manners.  And those abuses that are in this Nation through disorder, are a thing which should be much in your hearts.  It is that which, I am confident, is a description and character of the Interest you have been engaged against, ‘the Cavalier Interest:’ the badge and character of countenancing Profaneness, Disorder and Wickedness in all places,—and whatever is most of kin to these, and most agrees with what is Popery, and ‘with’ the profane Nobility and Gentry of this Nation! In my conscience, it was a shame to be a Christian, within these fifteen, sixteen or seventeen years, in this Nation!  Whether “in Caesar’s house,” or elsewhere!  It was a shame, it was a reproach to a man; and the badge of “Puritan” was put upon it.—We would keep up Nobility and Gentry:—and the way to keep them up is, Not to suffer them to be patronizers or countenancers of debauchery and disorders!  And you will hereby be as labourers in that work ‘of keeping them up.’  And a man may tell as plainly as can be what becomes of us, if we grow indifferent and lukewarm ‘in repressing evil,’ under I know not what weak pretensions.  If it lives in us, therefore; I say, if it be in the general ‘heart of the Nation,’ it is a thing I am confident our liberty and prosperity depend upon,—Reformation.  Make it a shame to see men bold in sin and profaneness, and God will bless you.  You will be a blessing to the Nation; and by this, will be more repairers of breaches than by anything in the world.  Truly these are the men.  The mind is the man.  If that be kept pure, a man signifies somewhat; if not, I would very fain see what difference there is betwixt him and a beast.  He hath only some activity to do some more mischief. [A real "Head of the Church," this "King;" not an imaginary one!---Carlyle]

“There are some things which respect the Estates of men; and there is one general Grievance in the Nation.  It is the Law. Not that the Laws are a grievance; but there are Laws that are; and the great grievance lies in the execution and administration.  I think I may say it, I have as eminent Judges in this land as have been had, as the Nation has had, for these many years.—Truly I could be particular, as to the executive part ‘of it,’ as to the administration ‘of the Law;’ but that would trouble you.  The truth of it is, There are wicked and abominable Laws, which ‘it’ will be in your power to alter. To hang a man for Six-and-eightpence, and I know not what; to hang for a trifle, and acquit morder,—is in the ministration of the Law, through the ill-framing of it.  I have known in my experience abominiable murders acquitted.  And to see men lose their lives for petty matters:  this is a thing God will reckon for. And I wish it may not lie upon this Nation a day longer than you have an opportunity to give a remedy, and I hope I shall cheerfully join with you in it.  This hath been a great grief to many honest hearts and conscientious people; and I hope it is in all your hearts to rectify it.”

[With the subsequent blessing of God nearly 100 years from this sitting, Sir William Blackstone became the greatest Common Law jurist in history.  His works, Blackstone's Commentaries, became the foundation for American Common Law, its maxims later set forth in Chancellor James Kent's Commentaries on American Law.  In the capitol building in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, a beautiful portrait of Sir William Blackstone is on the wall of the splendid courtroom of our Supreme Court.  Without Cromwell, there is no Blackstone; with no Blackstone, there is no Kent; and with no Blackstone the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania would never have been blessed with the beloved Common Law unique to White Anglo-Saxon Protestant nations.  Thank you Your Highness, Sir Oliver Cromwell: we American AV1611 Reformation Bible-reading Protestants and Baptists shall never forget what you have done for the Body of Christ---and for us!---EJP]

Thomas Carlyle, Oliver Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches: With Elucidations, (London: Chapman and Hall, 1894), Vol. IV of V, pp. 200-210.

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